Over the chip industry's history there have been an increasing number of R&D collaborations as the cost of developing the technology has become increasingly expensive. The ten most effective examples of these have been:
RCA/ITRI (Taiwan 1976)
VLSI Project
Sematech
Megaproject
Siemens-Toshiba-Motorola-IBM process development consortium
JESSI
MEDEA
Crolles2
IBM Albany cluster
IMEC process development cluster